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Itshe lekhanda leGranite lenziwa kanjani

Itshe lekhanda

Ingemuva

Amatshe asekhanda aziwa ngamagama amaningi ahlukene, njengamatshe esikhumbuzo, izimpawu zamathuna, amatshe amathuna, namatshe amathuna.Konke okuthinta umsebenzi wamatshe asekhanda;isikhumbuzo kanye nokukhumbula umufi.Amatshe ekhanda ekuqaleni ayenziwa ngamatshe asensimini noma izingcezu zokhuni.Kwezinye izindawo, amatshe (okubhekiselwa kuwo ngokuthi “amatshe ezimpisi”) ayebekwa phezu komzimba ukuze kuvinjelwe izilwane ezidlayo ukuze zingambuli ithuna elingashoni.

Umlando

Abavubukuli bathole amathuna aseNeanderthal ahlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyi-20,000-75,000.Izidumbu zitholwe emigedeni enezinqwaba zamatshe amakhulu noma amatshe amboze izimbobo.Kucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zindawo zamathuna zenzeke ngengozi.Abalimele noma ababefa cishe babeshiywe ukuze balulame, futhi amadwala noma amadwala ayedudulelwa phambi komhume ukuze avikeleke ezilwaneni zasendle.Umhume waseSharindar e-Iraq wawuyikhaya lezinsalela zomuntu (c. 50,000 BC) nezimbali ezigcwele umzimba.

Sezakhiwe ezinye izindlela zokungcwaba njengoba isikhathi sihamba.AmaShayina ayengabokuqala ukusebenzisa amabhokisi ukuze aqukathe abafileyo babo esikhathini esingange-30,000 BC Ukucwiliswa kwezidumbu nokugqumisa kwasetshenziswa cishe ngo-3200 BC ukuze kugcinwe izidumbu zoFaro baseGibhithe ukuze baphile ngemva kokufa.Ofaro babezofakwa endaweni eyi-sarcophagus futhi bagqitshwe ngezithombe ezimelela izinceku zabo nabeluleki abathembekile, kanye negolide nezinto zokunethezeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwamukelwa kwabo emhlabeni ongaphesheya.Amanye amakhosi ayefuna ukuba izinceku zawo zangempela nabeluleki bahambe nawo ekufeni, futhi izinceku nabeluleki babulawa futhi babekwe ethuneni.Ukushiswa kwesidumbu, okwaqala cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokucwiliswa kwezidumbu, nakho kwakuyindlela ethandwayo yokulahla abafileyo.Namuhla ibalelwa ku-26% wezindlela zokulahla e-United States kanye nama-45% eCanada.

Njengoba izinkolo zikhula, ukushiswa kwesidumbu kwabukelwa phansi.Izinkolo eziningi zaze zakwenqabela ngisho nokushiswa kwezidumbu, zithi lokhu kukhumbuza amasiko obuqaba.Ukungcwaba kwakuyiyona ndlela ekhethwayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abafileyo babelaliswa izinsuku eziningi ekhaya ukuze abantu bakhokhele.Ngo-1348, ubhubhane lwahlasela iYurophu futhi lwaphoqa abantu ukuba bangcwabe abafileyo ngokushesha futhi baqhele emadolobheni.Lezi zinqubo zokufa nokungcwaba zaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho amathuna echichima futhi, ngenxa yobuningi bamathuna angashoni, eqhubeka nokusabalalisa izifo.Ngo-1665, iPhalamende lamaNgisi lakhipha isinqumo esivuna ukuthi kube nemingcwabo emincane kuphela futhi ukujula okusemthethweni kwamathuna kwenziwa ukuba kume ku-6 ft (1.8 m).Lokhu kwanciphisa ukubhebhetheka kwezifo, kodwa amathuna amaningi aqhubeka nokugcwala.

Amathuna okuqala afana nalawo abonwa namuhla, asungulwa eParis ngo-1804 futhi abizwa ngokuthi amathuna "engadi".I-Pèere-Lachaise iyikhaya lamagama amaningi adumile njengo-Oscar Wilde, uFrederick Chopin, noJim Morrison.Kula mathuna asengadini lapho itshe lesikhumbuzo nezikhumbuzo kwaba imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.Isimo somuntu emphakathini sinquma ubukhulu nobuciko besikhumbuzo.Izikhumbuzo zakuqala zazibonisa izigcawu ezinyantisayo ezinamathambo namademoni ukuze zifake ukwesaba kokuphila kwangemva kokufa kwabaphilayo.Kamuva ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, amatshe ayinhloko avela avuna izigcawu ezinokuthula, njengamakherubi nezingelosi eziholela umufi phezulu.I-United States yasungula amathuna ayo asemaphandleni, i-Mount Auburn Cemetery eCambridge, Massachusetts, ngo-1831.

Ama-Raw material

Amatshe okuqala ekhanda enziwe ngeslate, ayetholakala endaweni ekuqaleni kweNew England.Impahla elandelayo eyayizothandwa kwakuyimabula, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi imabula yayizoguguleka futhi amagama nemininingwane yomufi yayingachazeki.Ngo-1850, i-granite yaba into ethandwayo yetshe lekhanda ngenxa yokuqina kwayo nokufinyeleleka kwayo.Ezikhumbuzweni zanamuhla i-granite yiyona nto eyinhloko esetshenziswayo.

I-Granite idwala elivuthayo elihlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko i-quartz, i-feldspar, ne-plagioclase feldspar namanye ama-minerals amancane axutshwe ngawo. I-Granite ingaba mhlophe, pink, impunga ekhanyayo, noma impunga emnyama.Leli dwala lenziwe nge-magma (impahla encibilikisiwe) epholiswa kancane kancane.I-magma epholile ivubukulwa ngokushintshashintsha koqweqwe lomhlaba nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi.

Idizayini

Kunezindlela ezingenakubalwa zokwenza i-headstone ibe ngeyakho.Ama-Epitaphs asukela ezingcaphunweni zemibhalo kuya kuzitatimende ezingacacile nezihlekisayo.Ama-stuettes ahambisana nawo angaqoshwa, abekwe phezulu, noma eceleni kwetshe.Ubukhulu nokuma kwamatshe asekhanda nakho kuyahlukahluka.Ngokuvamile, wonke amatshe ayapholishwa ngomshini futhi aqoshwe, abese ecaciswa kahle ngesandla.

I-Manufacturing
Inqubo

  1. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha uhlobo (ngokuvamile imabula noma i-granite) nombala wetshe.Ibhulokhi ye-granite ibe isisikwa etsheni.Kunezindlela ezintathu zokwenza lokhu.Indlela yokuqala ukubhoboza.Le ndlela isebenzisa i-pneumatic drill ebhoboza izimbobo eziqondile ezi-1 ku-(2.54 cm) ukuhlukana kanye nama-20 ft (6.1 m) ekujuleni kwe-granite.Abakwali babe sebesebenzisa izingcezu zensimbi ezine ubude (amasentimitha angu-10.1) ezinamazinyo ensimbi ukuze bazisike emnyombweni wedwala.

Ukubhoboza i-jet kuyashesha kakhulu kunokubhola, cishe izikhathi eziyisikhombisa.Ngale ndlela, amamitha angu-16 (4.9 m) angabiwa ngehora elilodwa.Inqubo isebenzisa injini yerokhethi ene-shaft yensimbi engenalutho ukukhipha inhlanganisela yamafutha e-hydrocarbon ecindezelwe nomoya osesimweni selangabi elingu-2,800°F (1,537.8°C).Leli langabi liphindwe kahlanu kunejubane lomsindo futhi lisika amasentimitha angu-4 (10.2 cm) egwadle.

Indlela yesithathu iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu, ethule, futhi ayikhiphi cishe ukumosha.Ukubhoboza ijethi yamanzi kusebenzisa umfutho wamanzi ukusika igwadle.Kunezinhlelo ezimbili zokubhoboza indiza yamanzi, umfutho ophansi kanye nomfutho ophezulu.Zombili zikhipha imifudlana yamanzi emibili, kodwa ukusakazwa kwesistimu yokucindezela okuphansi kungaphansi kwe-1,400-1,800 psi, futhi imifudlana yokucindezela okuphezulu ingaphansi kwe-40,000 psi.Amanzi aphuma kumajethi aphinde asetshenziswe, futhi indlela inciphisa amaphutha nezinto ezimoshiwe.

  1. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukususa block embhedeni inkwali.Izisebenzi zithatha ama-drill amakhulu omoya anezinsimbi zensimbi ezingu-1.5-1.88 (3.81-4.78 cm) ezine-carbide bese zibhoboza ngokuvundlile kubhulokhi yegwadle.Bese befaka amacala okuqhumisa asongwe ngamaphepha emigodini.Uma izindleko sezibekiwe, ibhulokhi yenza ikhefu elihlanzekile kusukela kulo lonke idwala.
  2. Amabhulokhi e-Granite avamise ukuba ngu-3 ft (0.9 m) ububanzi, 3 ft (0.9 m) ukuphakama, kanye no-10 ft (3 m) ubude, anesisindo esingaba ngu-20,250 lb (9,185 kg).Izisebenzi zingaluka ikhebula elizungeze ibhulokhi noma zibhoboze izingwegwe komunye umkhawulo bese zinamathisela ikhebula ezingwegweni.Kuzo zombili izindlela ikhebula linamathiselwe ku-derrick enkulu ephakamisa i-granite block phezulu bese iyifaka elolini eline-flatbed eliyisa kumkhiqizi wamatshe amakhulu.Izinkwali zivamise ukuba ngabanikazi bazo futhi zidayisela abakhiqizi igwadle, kodwa kunezinkampani ezinkulu eziphethe izinkwali.
  3. Ngemva kokufika endlini yokukhiqiza, ama-granite slabs athululwa ebhandeni lokuthutha lapho esikwa khona abe ama-slabs amancane.Ama-slabs ngokuvamile angu-6, 8, 10, noma 12 ku-(15.2, 20.3, 25, kanye no-30.4 cm, ngokulandelana) ubukhulu.Lesi sinyathelo senziwa ngesaha ledayimane elijikelezayo.Isaha ifakwe 5 ft (1.5 m) noma 11.6 ft (3.54 m) eqinile steel diamond blade blade.I-blade ngokuvamile inezingxenye zedayimane zezimboni ezingaba ngu-140-160 futhi inamandla okusika isilinganiso esingu-23-25 ​​ft.2(2.1-2.3 m2) ihora.
  4. Ama-slabs asikiwe adluliswa ngaphansi kwenani elihlukahlukene lamakhanda ajikelezayo (imvamisa ayisishiyagalombili kuye kwayi-13) anamazinga ahlukene egrithi ehleliwe.

isithombe5

Ukwenziwa kwetshe lekhanda.

kusukela kokubi kakhulu kuye kokuncane.Amakhanda ambalwa okuqala anegrit yedayimane eqinile, amakhanda amaphakathi awokucija, kanti amakhanda ambalwa okugcina ahlonyiswe ngamaphedi ebhafa azwakalayo.Lawa maphedi anamanzi ne-aluminium noma i-tin oxide powder kuwo ukuze acwebezele itshe libe bushelelezi, licwebezele.

  1. I-slab epholishiwe bese ihanjiswa eduze kwebhande lokuthutha liye ku-hydraulic breaker.I-breaker ifakwe amazinyo e-carbide asebenzisa cishe u-5,000 psi we-hydraulic pressure ku-granite slab, okwenza ukusika okuqondile etsheni.
  2. Itshe elisikiwe libe selibunjwa ngendlela efanele.Lokhu kwenziwa ngesandla ngeshizolo nesando, noma ngokunembile kakhulu ngesaha ledayimane elinamacembe amaningi.Lo mshini ungasethwa ukuthi ubambe ama-blade angafika kwangu-30, kodwa ngokuvamile ulayishwa kuphela ayisishiyagalombili noma ayisishiyagalolunye.Ifakwe izindwani eziyisishiyagalolunye, leli saha ledayimane elinezinsimbi eziningi lingasika amamitha angu-272(2.5 m2) ihora.
  3. Khona-ke izindawo zetshe ziyapholishwa futhi.Ngenqubo ezenzakalelayo, izingcezu ezingama-64 zingapholishwa ngesikhathi.
  4. Imiphetho eqondile ipholishwa umshini wokupholisha ozishintshayo, ofana nesicwebezeli sangaphezulu.Lo mshini ukhetha inhlaka eqinile futhi isebenze emaphethelweni aqondile etshe.Umshini ube ususebenza kwamanye ama-grits kuze kube yilapho imiphetho ibushelelezi.
  5. Imiphetho yeradial iyagaywa futhi ipholishwe ngesikhathi esifanayo kusetshenziswa izigubhu ezimbili zokugaya idayimane.Enye inedayimane eliqinile legrit, kanti eyesibili inegrit ecolekile.Khona-ke imiphetho yetshe iyapholishwa.
  6. Uma kudingeka izimo zetshe eziyinkimbinkimbi, itshe elipholishiwe lihanjiswa esaha ledayimane lentambo.Umsebenzisi ulungisa isaha futhi aqale inqubo, esebenzisa isofthiwe yekhompuyutha ukuze anamathisele umumo etsheni lekhanda.Noma yikuphi ukuqoshwa okuhle noma imininingwane kuqedwa ngesandla.
  7. Itshe lekhanda libe selilungele ukuqedwa.I-Rock Pitching ihlanganisa ukuchofa amachopho angaphandle etshe ngesandla, okunikeza ukucaciswa okwengeziwe, ukuma komuntu siqu.
  8. Manje njengoba itshe lekhanda seliphucuziwe ngokuthi O futhi lalolongwa, sekuyisikhathi sokuqoshwa.I-sandblasting ngokuvamile isetshenziswa.I-glue ewuketshezi isetshenziswa etsheni lekhanda.I-stencil yerabha isetshenziswa phezu kweglue bese imbozwa ngesakhiwo esine-carbon-backed design.Ikhabhoni idlulisela umklamo olungiselelwe umdwebi, ku-stencil yenjoloba.Isisebenzi sibe sesisika izinhlamvu nezici zokuklama ezifunwa etsheni, siziveze ekuqhunyisweni kwesihlabathi.I-sandblasting yenziwa ngesandla noma i-automatic.Noma iyiphi indlela yenziwa endaweni evalekile ngenxa yezingozi zenqubo.Isisebenzi simbozwe ngokuphelele ukuze sivikelwe ezinhlamvu ezivezwe etsheni.I-abrasive cutting abrasive isetshenziswa ngamandla angu-100 psi.Abaqoqi bothuli baqoqa futhi balondoloze uthuli ukuze luphinde lusetshenziswe.
  9. Itshe libe selifuthwa ngesitimu somfutho ophezulu ukuze kukhishwe noma iyiphi i-stencil esele noma ingcina.Iphinde ipholishwe futhi ihlolwe ngokucophelela, bese ihlanganiswa nge-cellophane noma ephepheni elisindayo ukuvikela ukuphela.Iphakethe lifakwa emakhrethini bese lithunyelwa ekhasimendeni noma kumqondisi womngcwabo.

Ikhwalithi yokulawula

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuphoqelelwa kakhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza.I-slab ngayinye ye-granite emahhashi ihlolwe ukuhambisana kombala.Ngemva kwesinyathelo ngasinye sokupholisha, itshe lekhanda liyahlolwa ukuze kutholakale amaphutha.Esibonakalisweni sokuqala se-chip noma ukuklwebheka, itshe likhishwa emgqeni.

Imikhiqizo/Imfucuza

Kuye ngenqubo yokusika esetshenziswa enkwalini, imfucuza iyahlukahluka.Ukumba kuyindlela enembe kakhulu yokumba, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqiza imfucuza eminingi.Indlela yejethi yamanzi ikhiqiza inani elincane lokungcoliswa komsindo nothuli.Iphinde iyonga kakhulu kuphethiloli kunezinye izinhlelo, futhi yenza amanzi akwazi ukugaywa kabusha.Ekuqhunyisweni kwesihlabathi kukhona imfucuza encane futhi njengoba izinhlayiya zesihlabathi ziyaqoqwa futhi ziphinde zisetshenziswe futhi.Noma yimaphi amatshe egwadle angasebenzi kahle avela emkhiqizweni avamise ukudayiswa kwezinye izinkampani ezikhiqizayo noma athunyelwe phesheya kwezilwandle.Amanye amatshe asezingeni eliphansi ayalahlwa.

Ikusasa

Kunamasu amaningi amasha asebenzisa isoftware emisha ukuze kuqoshwe imiklamo kumatshe ayinhloko.I-Laser etching intuthuko ezayo evumela izithombe nemiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi ibekwe phezu kwetshe lekhanda kusetshenziswa i-laser beam.Ukushisa okuvela ku-laser kuveza amakristalu ebusweni begwadle, okuholela ekushoniseni okuphakeme, okunombala okhanyayo.

Ukuncipha kwe-granite akubonakali esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.Njengoba kumbiwa izinkwali, kukhula izinsiza ezintsha.Kunemithethonqubo eminingi ekhawulela inani legwadle elingathunyelwa ngaphandle ngesikhathi.Ezinye izindlela zokulahla abafileyo nazo ziyizici ezingase zinciphise ukukhiqizwa kwamatshe asekhanda.

Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-05-2021